Wormwood
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WORMWOOD (laănâh, Deu_29:18, Pro_5:4, Jer_9:16; Jer_23:16, Lam_3:15-16, Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12 [in the last AV [Note: Authorized Version.] tr. [Note: translate or translation.] hemlock]; Gr. apsinthos, Rev_8:11).laănâh was some bitter substance usually associated with gall (wh. see); it is used metaphorically for calamity and sorrow. Tradition favours some species of Artemisia (wormwood), of which several kinds are found in Palestine.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
lanah, genus Artemisia. Four species in Palestine: Nilotica, Judaica, Fruticosa, and Cinerea. Metaphorical for bitter sorrow (Jer_9:15, fulfilled in Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19); and evil with its bitter produce, or an apostate lurking in Israel and tainting others (Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Amo_5:7, rendered "hemlock"; Greek apsinthos; Rev_8:11, the star which at the third trumpet fell upon the rivers and made them wormwood). Wormwood, though medicinal, if used as ordinary water would be fatal; heretical wormwood changes the sweet Siloas of Scripture into deadly Marahs (Wordsworth); contrast Exo_15:23, etc. Absinthe is literally embittering and destroying many hundreds of thousands in France and Switzerland.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Wormwood. Four kinds of wormwood are found in Palestine ? Artemisia nilotica, Artemisia Judaica, Artemisia fructicosa and Artemisia cinerea. The word occurs frequently in the Bible, and generally in a metaphorical sense.
In Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19, wormwood is symbolical of bitter calamity and sorrow; unrighteous judges are said to "turn judgment to wormwood." Amo_5:7 The Orientals typified sorrows, cruelties and calamities of any kind by plants of a poisonous or bitter nature.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
לעגה , Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19; Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12; αψινθον, Rev_8:11. In the Septuagint the original word is variously rendered, and generally by terms expressive of its figurative sense, for what is offensive, odious, or deleterious; but in the Syriac and Arabic versions, and in the Latin Vulgate, it is rendered wormwood; and this is adopted by Celsius, who names it the absinthium santonicum Judaicum, [bitter wormwood of Judea.] From the passages of Scripture, however, where this plant is mentioned, something more than the bitterness of its qualities seems to be intimated, and effects are attributed to it greater than can be produced by the wormwood of Europe. The Chaldee paraphrase gives it even the character of the wormwood of death. It may therefore mean a plant allied, perhaps, to the absinthium in appearance and in taste, but possessing more nauseous, hurtful, and formidable properties.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
wûrm?wood (לענה, la‛ănāh (Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15, Lam_3:19; Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12, the King James Version hemlock); ἄψινθος, ápsinthos (Rev_8:11)): What the Hebrew la‛ănāh may have been is obscure; it is clear it was a bitter substance and it is usually associated with ?gall?; in the Septuagint it is variously translated, but never by apsinthos, ?wormwood.? Nevertheless all ancient tradition supports the English Versions of the Bible translation. The genus Artemisia (Natural Order Compositae), ?wormwood,? has five species of shrubs or herbs found in Palestine (Post), any one of which may furnish a bitter taste. The name is derived from the property of many species acting as anthelmintics, while other varieties are used in the manufacture of absinthe.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Fig. 349?Wormwood?Artemisia Judaica
This proverbially bitter plant is used in the Hebrew, as in most other languages, metaphorically, to denote the moral bitterness of distress and trouble (Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19; Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12). Thence also the name given to the fatal star in Rev_8:10-11. Artemisia is the botanical name of the genus of plants in which the different species of wormwoods are found. The plants of this genus are easily recognized by the multitude of fine divisions into which the leaves are usually separated, and the numerous clusters of small, round, drooping, greenish-yellow or brownish flower-heads with which the branches are laden. It must be understood that our common wormwood does not appear to exist in Palestine, and cannot therefore be that specially denoted by the Scriptural term. Indeed it is more than probable that the word is intended to apply to all the plants of this class that grew in Palestine, rather than to anyone of them in particular. The examples of this genus that have been found in that country are:?
Artemisia Judaica, which, if a particular species be intended, is probably the Absinthium of Scripture. Rauwolff found it about Bethlehem, and Shaw in Arabia and the deserts of Numidia plentifully. This plant is erect and shrubby, with stem about eighteen inches high. Its taste is very bitter; and both the leaves and seeds are much used in Eastern medicine, and are reputed to be tonic, stomachic, and anthelmintic.
Artemisia Romana, which was found by Hasselquist on Mount Tabor. This species is herbaceous, erect, with stem one or two feet high (higher when cultivated in gardens), and nearly upright branches. The plant has a pleasantly aromatic scent; and the bitterness of its taste is so tempered by the aromatic flavor as scarcely to be disagreeable.
Artemisia abrotanum, found in the south of Europe, as well as in Syria and Palestine, and eastward even to China. This is a hoary plant, becoming a shrub in warm countries; and its branches bear loose panicles of nodding yellow flower-heads. It is bitter and aromatic, with a very strong scent. It is not much used in medicine; but the branches are employed in imparting a yellow dye to wool.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Jer_9:15 (b) This is certainly a description of the bitterness which comes into the soul of those who refuse to worship the Lord, and who reject His Word. (See also Jer_23:15).
Lam_3:15 (b) By this we understand the great depression of spirit, and the bitterness of soul which was experienced by Jeremiah, the prophet, when he was so cruelly rejected by Israel.
Amo_5:7 (a) The judgments of GOD were so severe, and Israel was so evil in their minds, that they were made bitter by GOD's decisions against them.
Rev_8:11 (b) The curses of GOD, which He will send upon this earth, are bitter to the heart and the soul of His enemies. He will make the so-called pleasures and attraction of the world bitter and offensive in the eyes of those who indulge in them.
Rev_17:3 (b) The Lord represents apostate Christendom as the woman. She grows wealthy, proud, arrogant, wicked and tremendously powerful by her demands upon people, and her control of the heads of government.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
(לִעֲנָה, laannch, of uncertain etymology; Sept. πικρία,χολή, ὀδύνη, and ἀνάγκη; Vulg. amaritudo, absinthium) is, doubtless, the correct translation of the Heb. word, which occurs frequently in the Bible, and generally in a metaphorical-sense, as 2. Deu_29:18, where of the idolatrous Israelites it is said, Lest there be among you a root that beareth wormwood (see also Pro_5:4). In Jer_9:15; Jer_23:13; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19, wormwood is symbolical of bitter calamity and sorrow. Unrighteous judges are said to turn judgment to wormwood (Amo_5:7; so in Amo_6:12, hemlock). In like manner the name of the star, which, at the sound of the third angel's trumpet, fell upon the rivers, was called Wormwood (Α᾿ψινθος; Rev_8:11). The Orientals typified sorrows, cruelties, and calamities of any kind by plants of a poisonous or bitter nature. Some other plants have been adduced, as the colocynth and the oleander, but without anything to support them; while different kinds of artemisia and of wormwood are proverbial for their bitterness and often used in a figurative sense by ancient authors.
Parce, precor, lacerare tuum, nec amara patemis Admiscere velis, coe mnelli absinthia, verbis (Paulin. Ep. Ad Ausonium). Celsius has, no doubt that a species of artemisia, or wormwood, is intended: Hanc plantami amaram in Judsean et Arabia copiose nascentem, et interpretum auctoritate egregie suffultam, ipsam, esse Ebraeorumלענה, pro indubitato habemus. That species of artemisia are common in Syria and Palestine is well known, as all travelers mention their abundance in particular situations; but as many of them resemble each other very closely in properties, it is more difficult to determine what particular species is meant. It is probable, indeed, that the name is used in a generic rather than a specific sense. Artemisia is the botanical name of the genus of plants in which the different species of wormwoods are found. The plants of this genus are easily recognized by the multitude of fine divisions into which the leaves are usually separated, and the numerous clusters of small, round, drooping, greenish-yellow, or brownish flower-heads with which the branches are laden. It must be understood that our common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) does not appear to exist in Palestine, and cannot, therefore, be that specially denoted by the scriptural term. Indeed, it is more than probable that the word is intended to apply to all the plants of this, class that grew in Palestine, rather than to any one of them in particular. The examples of this genus that have been found in that country are
1. Artemisia Judaica, which, if a particular species be intended, is probably the absinthium of Scripture. Rauwolf found it about Bethlehem, and Shaw in Arabia and the deserts of Numidia plentifully. This plant is erect and shrubby, with a stem about eighteen inches high. Its taste is very bitter; and both the leavies and seeds are much used in Eastern medicine, and are reputed to be tonic, stomachic, and anthemintic.
2. Artemisia Romana, which was found by Hasselquist, on Mount Tabor (p. 281). This species is herbaceous, erect, with a stem one or two feet high (higher when cultivated in gardens), and nearly upright branches. The plant has a pleasantly aromatic scent, and the bitterness of its taste is so tempered by the aromatic flavor as scarcely to he disagreeable.
3. Artemisia abrotanum, found in the south of Europe, as well as in Syria and Palestine, and eastward even to China. This is a hoary plant, becoming a shrub in warm countries, and its branches bear loose particles of nodding yellow flower-heads. It is bitter and aromatic, with a very strong scent. It is not much used in medicine, but the branches are employed ill imparting a yellow dye to wool. The species most celebrated in Arabian works on materia medica is that called shih, which is conspicuous for its bitterness and for being fatal to worms; hence it has been commonly employed as an anthelmintic even to our own times. This seems to be the same species which was found by Liauwolf in Palestine, and which he says the Arabs call scheha. It is his Absinthium santonicum, scheha Arabum, unde semen lumbricorum colligitur, the Absinthium santonicum Judaicum of Caspar Bauhin, in his Pinaz, now Artemisia Judaica, though it is probable two or three species yield the Sermoni santonicum, or wormwood of commerce, which, instead of seed, consists of the tops of the plants, and in which the peduncles, calyx flowers, and young seeds are intermixed. Artemisia maritima and Judaica are two of the plants which yield it. See Kitto, Phys. Hist. of Palest. p. 215; Celsius, Hierob. 1, 480; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Bot. p. 116; Calcott [lady], Script. Herbal, p. 542.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
lanah, genus Artemisia. Four species in Palestine: Nilotica, Judaica, Fruticosa, and Cinerea. Metaphorical for bitter sorrow (Jer_9:15, fulfilled in Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19); and evil with its bitter produce, or an apostate lurking in Israel and tainting others (Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Amo_5:7, rendered "hemlock"; Greek apsinthos; Rev_8:11, the star which at the third trumpet fell upon the rivers and made them wormwood). Wormwood, though medicinal, if used as ordinary water would be fatal; heretical wormwood changes the sweet Siloas of Scripture into deadly Marahs (Wordsworth); contrast Exo_15:23, etc. Absinthe is literally embittering and destroying many hundreds of thousands in France and Switzerland.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Wormwood. Four kinds of wormwood are found in Palestine ? Artemisia nilotica, Artemisia Judaica, Artemisia fructicosa and Artemisia cinerea. The word occurs frequently in the Bible, and generally in a metaphorical sense.
In Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19, wormwood is symbolical of bitter calamity and sorrow; unrighteous judges are said to "turn judgment to wormwood." Amo_5:7 The Orientals typified sorrows, cruelties and calamities of any kind by plants of a poisonous or bitter nature.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
לעגה , Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19; Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12; αψινθον, Rev_8:11. In the Septuagint the original word is variously rendered, and generally by terms expressive of its figurative sense, for what is offensive, odious, or deleterious; but in the Syriac and Arabic versions, and in the Latin Vulgate, it is rendered wormwood; and this is adopted by Celsius, who names it the absinthium santonicum Judaicum, [bitter wormwood of Judea.] From the passages of Scripture, however, where this plant is mentioned, something more than the bitterness of its qualities seems to be intimated, and effects are attributed to it greater than can be produced by the wormwood of Europe. The Chaldee paraphrase gives it even the character of the wormwood of death. It may therefore mean a plant allied, perhaps, to the absinthium in appearance and in taste, but possessing more nauseous, hurtful, and formidable properties.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
wûrm?wood (לענה, la‛ănāh (Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15, Lam_3:19; Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12, the King James Version hemlock); ἄψινθος, ápsinthos (Rev_8:11)): What the Hebrew la‛ănāh may have been is obscure; it is clear it was a bitter substance and it is usually associated with ?gall?; in the Septuagint it is variously translated, but never by apsinthos, ?wormwood.? Nevertheless all ancient tradition supports the English Versions of the Bible translation. The genus Artemisia (Natural Order Compositae), ?wormwood,? has five species of shrubs or herbs found in Palestine (Post), any one of which may furnish a bitter taste. The name is derived from the property of many species acting as anthelmintics, while other varieties are used in the manufacture of absinthe.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Fig. 349?Wormwood?Artemisia Judaica
This proverbially bitter plant is used in the Hebrew, as in most other languages, metaphorically, to denote the moral bitterness of distress and trouble (Deu_29:18; Pro_5:4; Jer_9:15; Jer_23:15; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19; Amo_5:7; Amo_6:12). Thence also the name given to the fatal star in Rev_8:10-11. Artemisia is the botanical name of the genus of plants in which the different species of wormwoods are found. The plants of this genus are easily recognized by the multitude of fine divisions into which the leaves are usually separated, and the numerous clusters of small, round, drooping, greenish-yellow or brownish flower-heads with which the branches are laden. It must be understood that our common wormwood does not appear to exist in Palestine, and cannot therefore be that specially denoted by the Scriptural term. Indeed it is more than probable that the word is intended to apply to all the plants of this class that grew in Palestine, rather than to anyone of them in particular. The examples of this genus that have been found in that country are:?
Artemisia Judaica, which, if a particular species be intended, is probably the Absinthium of Scripture. Rauwolff found it about Bethlehem, and Shaw in Arabia and the deserts of Numidia plentifully. This plant is erect and shrubby, with stem about eighteen inches high. Its taste is very bitter; and both the leaves and seeds are much used in Eastern medicine, and are reputed to be tonic, stomachic, and anthelmintic.
Artemisia Romana, which was found by Hasselquist on Mount Tabor. This species is herbaceous, erect, with stem one or two feet high (higher when cultivated in gardens), and nearly upright branches. The plant has a pleasantly aromatic scent; and the bitterness of its taste is so tempered by the aromatic flavor as scarcely to be disagreeable.
Artemisia abrotanum, found in the south of Europe, as well as in Syria and Palestine, and eastward even to China. This is a hoary plant, becoming a shrub in warm countries; and its branches bear loose panicles of nodding yellow flower-heads. It is bitter and aromatic, with a very strong scent. It is not much used in medicine; but the branches are employed in imparting a yellow dye to wool.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Jer_9:15 (b) This is certainly a description of the bitterness which comes into the soul of those who refuse to worship the Lord, and who reject His Word. (See also Jer_23:15).
Lam_3:15 (b) By this we understand the great depression of spirit, and the bitterness of soul which was experienced by Jeremiah, the prophet, when he was so cruelly rejected by Israel.
Amo_5:7 (a) The judgments of GOD were so severe, and Israel was so evil in their minds, that they were made bitter by GOD's decisions against them.
Rev_8:11 (b) The curses of GOD, which He will send upon this earth, are bitter to the heart and the soul of His enemies. He will make the so-called pleasures and attraction of the world bitter and offensive in the eyes of those who indulge in them.
Rev_17:3 (b) The Lord represents apostate Christendom as the woman. She grows wealthy, proud, arrogant, wicked and tremendously powerful by her demands upon people, and her control of the heads of government.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
(לִעֲנָה, laannch, of uncertain etymology; Sept. πικρία,χολή, ὀδύνη, and ἀνάγκη; Vulg. amaritudo, absinthium) is, doubtless, the correct translation of the Heb. word, which occurs frequently in the Bible, and generally in a metaphorical-sense, as 2. Deu_29:18, where of the idolatrous Israelites it is said, Lest there be among you a root that beareth wormwood (see also Pro_5:4). In Jer_9:15; Jer_23:13; Lam_3:15; Lam_3:19, wormwood is symbolical of bitter calamity and sorrow. Unrighteous judges are said to turn judgment to wormwood (Amo_5:7; so in Amo_6:12, hemlock). In like manner the name of the star, which, at the sound of the third angel's trumpet, fell upon the rivers, was called Wormwood (Α᾿ψινθος; Rev_8:11). The Orientals typified sorrows, cruelties, and calamities of any kind by plants of a poisonous or bitter nature. Some other plants have been adduced, as the colocynth and the oleander, but without anything to support them; while different kinds of artemisia and of wormwood are proverbial for their bitterness and often used in a figurative sense by ancient authors.
Parce, precor, lacerare tuum, nec amara patemis Admiscere velis, coe mnelli absinthia, verbis (Paulin. Ep. Ad Ausonium). Celsius has, no doubt that a species of artemisia, or wormwood, is intended: Hanc plantami amaram in Judsean et Arabia copiose nascentem, et interpretum auctoritate egregie suffultam, ipsam, esse Ebraeorumלענה, pro indubitato habemus. That species of artemisia are common in Syria and Palestine is well known, as all travelers mention their abundance in particular situations; but as many of them resemble each other very closely in properties, it is more difficult to determine what particular species is meant. It is probable, indeed, that the name is used in a generic rather than a specific sense. Artemisia is the botanical name of the genus of plants in which the different species of wormwoods are found. The plants of this genus are easily recognized by the multitude of fine divisions into which the leaves are usually separated, and the numerous clusters of small, round, drooping, greenish-yellow, or brownish flower-heads with which the branches are laden. It must be understood that our common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) does not appear to exist in Palestine, and cannot, therefore, be that specially denoted by the scriptural term. Indeed, it is more than probable that the word is intended to apply to all the plants of this, class that grew in Palestine, rather than to any one of them in particular. The examples of this genus that have been found in that country are
1. Artemisia Judaica, which, if a particular species be intended, is probably the absinthium of Scripture. Rauwolf found it about Bethlehem, and Shaw in Arabia and the deserts of Numidia plentifully. This plant is erect and shrubby, with a stem about eighteen inches high. Its taste is very bitter; and both the leavies and seeds are much used in Eastern medicine, and are reputed to be tonic, stomachic, and anthemintic.
2. Artemisia Romana, which was found by Hasselquist, on Mount Tabor (p. 281). This species is herbaceous, erect, with a stem one or two feet high (higher when cultivated in gardens), and nearly upright branches. The plant has a pleasantly aromatic scent, and the bitterness of its taste is so tempered by the aromatic flavor as scarcely to he disagreeable.
3. Artemisia abrotanum, found in the south of Europe, as well as in Syria and Palestine, and eastward even to China. This is a hoary plant, becoming a shrub in warm countries, and its branches bear loose particles of nodding yellow flower-heads. It is bitter and aromatic, with a very strong scent. It is not much used in medicine, but the branches are employed ill imparting a yellow dye to wool. The species most celebrated in Arabian works on materia medica is that called shih, which is conspicuous for its bitterness and for being fatal to worms; hence it has been commonly employed as an anthelmintic even to our own times. This seems to be the same species which was found by Liauwolf in Palestine, and which he says the Arabs call scheha. It is his Absinthium santonicum, scheha Arabum, unde semen lumbricorum colligitur, the Absinthium santonicum Judaicum of Caspar Bauhin, in his Pinaz, now Artemisia Judaica, though it is probable two or three species yield the Sermoni santonicum, or wormwood of commerce, which, instead of seed, consists of the tops of the plants, and in which the peduncles, calyx flowers, and young seeds are intermixed. Artemisia maritima and Judaica are two of the plants which yield it. See Kitto, Phys. Hist. of Palest. p. 215; Celsius, Hierob. 1, 480; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Bot. p. 116; Calcott [lady], Script. Herbal, p. 542.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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