Abana
VIEW:11 DATA:01-04-2020
The chief river of Damascus, the modern Barada, called by the Greeks "the golden stream," flowing through the heart of the city and supplying it with water. The Pharpar mentioned with it in 2Ki_5:12 is further from Damascus, and answers to the Awaj. The Barada rises in the Antilibanus mountain range, 23 miles from the city, and has the large spring Ain Fijah as a tributary. It passes the site of Abila and the Assyrian ruin Tell es Salahiyeh, and empties itself in the marsh Bahret el Kibliyeh or Bahr el Merj, "lake of the meadow." Porter calculates that 14 villages and 150,000 souls depend on it for their water supply. Hence, we see the significance of Naaman's boast, "Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel?"
These rivers render the environs of Damascus though bordering on a desert one of the loveliest spots on earth; whereas the Israelite streams, excepting Jordan, are dry for a large part of the year, and running in deep channels but little fertilize the land through which they flow. Amana, ("perennial"), is the reading of the Hebrew margin (the Qeri): "b" and "m" often are interchanged in eastern languages. Soon after issuing from Antilebanon, it parts into three smaller streams, the central flowing through Damascus and the other two one on each side of the city, diffusing beauty and fertility where otherwise there would be the same barrenness as characterizes the vast contiguous plains. Spiritually, men through proud self sufficiency refuse the waters of Shiloah that go softly (Isa_8:6), the gospel "fountain opened for uncleanness," preferring earthly "waters" (Jer_2:18; Zec_13:1).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Ab'ana. (perennial, stony). One of the "rivers of Damascus." 2Ki_5:12. The Barada and the Awaj are now the chief streams of Damascus, the former representing the Abana and the latter the Pharpar of the text. The Barada (Abana) rises in the Antilibanus, at about 23 miles from the city, after flowing through which it runs across the plain, of whose fertility it is the chief source, till it loses itself in the lake or marsh Bahret-el-Kibliyeh.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Naaman, the leper, on being directed to wash in the river Jordan, says, 2Ki_5:12, Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel? Probably the Abana is a branch of the Barrady, or Chrysorrhoas, which derives its source from the foot of Mount Libanus, eastward; runs round and through Damascus, and continues its course till lost in the wilderness, four or five leagues south of the city. Benjamin of Tudela will have that part of Barrady which runs through Damascus to be the Abana, and the streams which water the gardens without the city, to be Pharpar; but perhaps the Pharpar is the same with Orontes, the most noted river of Syria, which taking its rise a little to the north or north-east of Damascus, glides through a delightful plain, till, after passing Antioch, and running about two hundred miles to the north-west, it loses itself in the Mediterranean sea, 2Ki_5:12.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Ab?ana, or, as it is given in the marginal reading, Amana, the name of one of the rivers which are mentioned by Naaman (2Ki_5:12), 'Abana and Pharpar,' as 'rivers of Damascus.' Amana signifies 'perennial,' and is probably the true name. At the present day it is scarcely possible to discover with certainty the stream to which this name was applied. The most recent conjecture seeks the Abana in the small river Fidgi, which rises in a pleasant valley fifteen or twenty miles to the north-west of Damascus and falls into the Barrada, the main stream by which Damascus is irrigated.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Abana
[many Ab'ana] (Heb. Abanah', אֲבָנָה; Sept. Αβανά; Vulg. Abana; or rather, as in the margin, AMANAH SEE AMANAH [q.v.]; Heb. Amanah', אֲמָנָה [comp. Isa_23:16], since the latter means perennial; Gesenius, Thesaur. Heb. p. 116), a stream mentioned by Naaman as being one of the rivers of Damascus; another being the Pharpar (2Ki_5:12). The main stream by which Damascus is now irrigated is called Barada, the Chrysorrhoas, or golden stream of the ancient geographers (Strabo, p. 755), which, as soon as it issues from a cleft of the Anti-Lebanon mountains, is immediately divided into three smaller courses. The central or principal stream runs straight toward the city, and there supplies the different public cisterns, baths, and fountains; the other branches diverge to the right and left along the rising ground on either hand, and, having furnished the means of extensive irrigation, fall again into the main channel, after diffusing their fertilizing influences, and are at length lost in a marsh or lake, which is known as the Bahr el-Merj, or Lake of the Meadow. Dr. Richardson (Travels, 2:499) states that the water of the Barada, like the water of the Jordan, is of a white, sulfurous hue, and an unpleasant taste. Some contend that the Barada is the Abana and are only at a loss for the Pharpar; others find both in the two subsidiary streams, and neglect the Barada; while still others seek the Abana in the small river Fijih, which Dr. Richardson describes as rising near a village of the same name in a pleasant valley fifteen or twenty miles to the north-west of Damascus. It issues from the limestone rock, in a deep, rapid stream, about thirty feet wide. It is pure and cold as iced water; and, after coursing down a stony and rugged channel for above a hundred yards, falls into the Barada, which comes from another valley, and at the point of junction is only half as wide as the Fijih. The Abana or Amana has been identified by some (especially Gesenius, Neb. Lex.) with the Barada, from the coincidence of the name Amana mentioned in Son_4:8, as one of the tops of Anti-Libanus, from which the Chrysorrhoas (or Barada) flows; and the ruins of Abila, now found on the banks of that stream, are thought to confirm this view. A better reason for this identification is, that Naaman would be more likely to refer to some prominent stream like the Barada, rather than to a small and comparatively remote fountain like the Fijih. SEE PHARPAR. The turbid character of the water of Barada is no objection to this view, since Naaman refers to Abana as important for its medicinal qualities rather than on account of its limpid coldness. The identification of the Abana with the Barada is confirmed by the probable coincidence of the Pharpar with the Arvaj; these being the only considerable streams in the vicinity of Damascus (Bibliotheca Sacra, 1849, p. 371; Robinson's Researches, new ed. 3, 447). This is the view taken by the latest traveler who has canvassed the question at length (J. L. Porter, in the Jour. of Sacr. Literature. July, 1853, p. 245 sq.). According to Schwarz (Palest. p. 54), the Jews of Damascus traditionally identify the Barada with the Amana (q.v.). The Arabic version of the passage in Kings has Barda. According to Lightfoot (Cent. Chor. 4) the river in question was also called Kirmijon (קַרְמַיּון), a name applied in the Talmud to a river of Palestine (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 2138). SEE DAMASCUS.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
These rivers render the environs of Damascus though bordering on a desert one of the loveliest spots on earth; whereas the Israelite streams, excepting Jordan, are dry for a large part of the year, and running in deep channels but little fertilize the land through which they flow. Amana, ("perennial"), is the reading of the Hebrew margin (the Qeri): "b" and "m" often are interchanged in eastern languages. Soon after issuing from Antilebanon, it parts into three smaller streams, the central flowing through Damascus and the other two one on each side of the city, diffusing beauty and fertility where otherwise there would be the same barrenness as characterizes the vast contiguous plains. Spiritually, men through proud self sufficiency refuse the waters of Shiloah that go softly (Isa_8:6), the gospel "fountain opened for uncleanness," preferring earthly "waters" (Jer_2:18; Zec_13:1).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Ab'ana. (perennial, stony). One of the "rivers of Damascus." 2Ki_5:12. The Barada and the Awaj are now the chief streams of Damascus, the former representing the Abana and the latter the Pharpar of the text. The Barada (Abana) rises in the Antilibanus, at about 23 miles from the city, after flowing through which it runs across the plain, of whose fertility it is the chief source, till it loses itself in the lake or marsh Bahret-el-Kibliyeh.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Naaman, the leper, on being directed to wash in the river Jordan, says, 2Ki_5:12, Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel? Probably the Abana is a branch of the Barrady, or Chrysorrhoas, which derives its source from the foot of Mount Libanus, eastward; runs round and through Damascus, and continues its course till lost in the wilderness, four or five leagues south of the city. Benjamin of Tudela will have that part of Barrady which runs through Damascus to be the Abana, and the streams which water the gardens without the city, to be Pharpar; but perhaps the Pharpar is the same with Orontes, the most noted river of Syria, which taking its rise a little to the north or north-east of Damascus, glides through a delightful plain, till, after passing Antioch, and running about two hundred miles to the north-west, it loses itself in the Mediterranean sea, 2Ki_5:12.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Ab?ana, or, as it is given in the marginal reading, Amana, the name of one of the rivers which are mentioned by Naaman (2Ki_5:12), 'Abana and Pharpar,' as 'rivers of Damascus.' Amana signifies 'perennial,' and is probably the true name. At the present day it is scarcely possible to discover with certainty the stream to which this name was applied. The most recent conjecture seeks the Abana in the small river Fidgi, which rises in a pleasant valley fifteen or twenty miles to the north-west of Damascus and falls into the Barrada, the main stream by which Damascus is irrigated.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Abana
[many Ab'ana] (Heb. Abanah', אֲבָנָה; Sept. Αβανά; Vulg. Abana; or rather, as in the margin, AMANAH SEE AMANAH [q.v.]; Heb. Amanah', אֲמָנָה [comp. Isa_23:16], since the latter means perennial; Gesenius, Thesaur. Heb. p. 116), a stream mentioned by Naaman as being one of the rivers of Damascus; another being the Pharpar (2Ki_5:12). The main stream by which Damascus is now irrigated is called Barada, the Chrysorrhoas, or golden stream of the ancient geographers (Strabo, p. 755), which, as soon as it issues from a cleft of the Anti-Lebanon mountains, is immediately divided into three smaller courses. The central or principal stream runs straight toward the city, and there supplies the different public cisterns, baths, and fountains; the other branches diverge to the right and left along the rising ground on either hand, and, having furnished the means of extensive irrigation, fall again into the main channel, after diffusing their fertilizing influences, and are at length lost in a marsh or lake, which is known as the Bahr el-Merj, or Lake of the Meadow. Dr. Richardson (Travels, 2:499) states that the water of the Barada, like the water of the Jordan, is of a white, sulfurous hue, and an unpleasant taste. Some contend that the Barada is the Abana and are only at a loss for the Pharpar; others find both in the two subsidiary streams, and neglect the Barada; while still others seek the Abana in the small river Fijih, which Dr. Richardson describes as rising near a village of the same name in a pleasant valley fifteen or twenty miles to the north-west of Damascus. It issues from the limestone rock, in a deep, rapid stream, about thirty feet wide. It is pure and cold as iced water; and, after coursing down a stony and rugged channel for above a hundred yards, falls into the Barada, which comes from another valley, and at the point of junction is only half as wide as the Fijih. The Abana or Amana has been identified by some (especially Gesenius, Neb. Lex.) with the Barada, from the coincidence of the name Amana mentioned in Son_4:8, as one of the tops of Anti-Libanus, from which the Chrysorrhoas (or Barada) flows; and the ruins of Abila, now found on the banks of that stream, are thought to confirm this view. A better reason for this identification is, that Naaman would be more likely to refer to some prominent stream like the Barada, rather than to a small and comparatively remote fountain like the Fijih. SEE PHARPAR. The turbid character of the water of Barada is no objection to this view, since Naaman refers to Abana as important for its medicinal qualities rather than on account of its limpid coldness. The identification of the Abana with the Barada is confirmed by the probable coincidence of the Pharpar with the Arvaj; these being the only considerable streams in the vicinity of Damascus (Bibliotheca Sacra, 1849, p. 371; Robinson's Researches, new ed. 3, 447). This is the view taken by the latest traveler who has canvassed the question at length (J. L. Porter, in the Jour. of Sacr. Literature. July, 1853, p. 245 sq.). According to Schwarz (Palest. p. 54), the Jews of Damascus traditionally identify the Barada with the Amana (q.v.). The Arabic version of the passage in Kings has Barda. According to Lightfoot (Cent. Chor. 4) the river in question was also called Kirmijon (קַרְמַיּון), a name applied in the Talmud to a river of Palestine (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 2138). SEE DAMASCUS.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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