Accad
VIEW:27 DATA:01-04-2020
a vessel; pitcher; spark
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
One of the cities in the land of Shinar, with Babel, Erech, and Calneh, the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom (Gen_10:10). Jerome (Onomasticon) testifies that the Jews then believed Nisibis was Accad, a city on the river Khabour, in the N.E. of Mesopotamia, midway between Orfa and Nineveh. So the Targum of Jerusalem. Nisibis' ancient name was Acar, which the Syriac Peschito version has here. Akkad was the name of the "great primitive Hamite race who inhabited Babylonia from the earliest time, and who originated the arts and sciences. In the inscriptions of Sargon the name is applied to the Armenian mountains instead of the vernacular Ararat" (Rawlinson, Herodotus, 1:319, note). The form Kinzi Akkad is found in the inscriptions. Agadi was the great city of the earlier Sargon (G. Smith). Bechart fixes on a site nearer the other three cities in the ancient Sittacene: Akker-koof, or Akker-i-Nimrond, a curious pile of ancient buildings. The Babylonian Talmud mentions the site under the name Aggada. A tract N. of Babylon was called Aceere (Knobel).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Ac'cad. One of the cities in the land of Shinar. Gen_10:10. Its position is quite uncertain.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
one of the four cities built by Nimrod, the founder of the Assyrian empire. (See Nimrod.) And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar, Gen_10:10. Thus it appears that Accad was contemporary with Babylon, and was one of the first four great cities of the world.
It would scarcely be expected that any thing should now remain to guide us in our search for this ancient city, seeing that Babylon itself, with which it was coeval, is reduced to heaps; and that it is not mentioned under its ancient name by any profane author. But the discoveries of modern travellers may be brought to aid us in our inquiry. At the distance of about six miles from the modern town of Bagdad, is found a mound, surmounted by a tower-shaped ruin, called by the Arabs Tell Nimrood, and by the Turks Nemrood Tepasse; both terms implying the Hill of Nimrod. This gigantic mass rises in an irregularly pyramidal or turreted shape, according to the view in which it is taken, one hundred and twenty-five, or one hundred and thirty feet above the gently inclined elevation on which it stands. Its circumference, at the bottom, is three hundred feet. The mound which constitutes its foundation is composed of a collection of rubbish, formed from the decay of the superstructure; and consists of sandy earth, fragments of burnt brick, pottery, and hard clay, partially vitrified. In the remains of the tower, the different layers of sun-dried brick, of which it is composed, may be traced with great precision. These bricks, cemented together by slime, and divided into courses varying from twelve to twenty feet in height, are separated from one another by a stratum of reeds, similar to those now growing in the marshy parts of the plain, and in a wonderful state of preservation. The resemblance of this mode of building to that in some of the structures at Babylon, cannot escape observation; and we may reasonably conclude it to be the workmanship of the same architects. The solidity and the loftiness of this pile, unfashioned to any other purpose, bespeak it to be one of those enormous pyramidal towers which were consecrated to the Sabian worship; which, as essential to their religious rites, were probably erected in all the early cities of the Cuthites; and, like their prototype at Babylon, answered the double purpose of altars and observatories. Here then was the site of one of these early cities. It was not Babylon; it was not Erech; it was not Calneh. It might be too much to say that therefore it must be Accad; but the inference is at least warrantable; which is farther strengthened by the name of the place, Akarkouff; which bears a greater affinity to that of Accad than many others which are forced into the support of geographical speculations, especially when it is recollected that the Syrian name of the city was Achar.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Fig. 3?Akker-kuf
Ac?cad, one of the five cities in 'the land of Shinar,' or Babylonia, which are said to have been built by Nimrod, or rather, to have been 'the beginning of his kingdom' (Gen_10:10). It seems that several of the ancient translators found in their Hebrew MSS. Achar instead of Achad, and it is probable that this was really the name of the city. Its situation has been much disputed, but in all probability it may be identified with a remarkable pile of ancient buildings called Akker-k?f, in the district of Siticene, where there was a river named Argades. These buildings are called by the Turks Akker-i-Nimr?d and Akker-i-Babil.
Akker-k?f is about nine miles west of the Tigris, at the spot where that river makes its nearest approach to the Euphrates. The heap of ruins to which the name of Nimrod's Hill?Tel-i-Nimr?d, is more especially appropriated, consists of a mound surmounted by a mass of brickwork, which looks like either a tower or an irregular pyramid, according to the point from which it is viewed. It is about 400 feet in circumference at the bottom, and rises to the height of 125 feet above the sloping elevation on which it stands. The mound, which seems to form the foundation of the pile, is a mass of rubbish accumulated by the decay of the super structure. In the ruin itself, the layers of sun-dried bricks, of which it is composed, can be traced very distinctly. They are cemented together by lime or bitumen, and are divided into courses varying from 12 to 20 feet in height, and are separated by layers of reeds, as is usual in the more ancient remains of this primitive region. Travelers have been perplexed to make out the use of this remarkable monument, and various strange conjectures have been hazarded. The embankments of canals and reservoirs, and the remnants of brickwork and pottery occupying the place all around, evince that the Tel stood in an important city; and, as its construction announces it to be a Babylonian relic, the greater probability is that it was one of those pyramidal structures erected upon high places, which were consecrated to the heavenly bodies, and served at once as the temples and the observatories of those remote times. Such buildings were common to all Babylonian towns; and those which remain appear to have been constructed more or less on the model of that in the metropolitan city of Babylon.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Accad
(Heb. Akkad',אִבִּד, fortress; or, according to Simonis Onomast. p. 276, bond, i.e. of conquered nations; Sept. Α᾿ρχάδ [prob. by resolution of the Dagesh, like דִּרְמֶשֶׂק for דִּמֶּשֶׂק], Vulg. Achad), one of the four cities in the land of Shinar, or Babylonia, which are said to have been built by Nimrod, or, rather, to have been the beginning of his kingdom (Gen_10:10). AElian (De Animal. 16, 42) mentions that in the district of Sittacene was a river called Argades (Α᾿ργάδης), which is so near the name Archad which the Sept. give to this city, that Bochart was induced to fix Accad upon that river (Phaleg, 4:17). Mr. Loftus (Trav. in Chald. and Susiana, p. 96) compares the name of a Hamitic tribe emigrating to the plains of Mesopotamia from the shores of the Red Sea, and which he says the cuneiform inscriptions call Akkadin; but all this appears to be little more than conjecture. In the inscriptions of Sargon the name of Akkad is applied to the Armenian mountains instead of the vernacular title of Ararat (Rawlinson, in Herodotus' 1, 247, note). The name of the city is believed to have been discovered in the inscriptions under the form Kinzi Akkad (ib. 357). It seems that several of the ancient translators found in their Heb. MSS. Accar (אִכִּר) instead of Accad (Ephrem Syrus, Pseudo-Jonathan, Targum Hieros., Jerome, Abulfaragi, etc.). Achar was the ancient name of Nisibis (see Michaelis, Spicileg. 1, 226); and hence the Targumists give Nisibis or Nisibin (נציבין) for Accad, and they continued to be identified by the Jewish literati in the times of Jerome (Onomast. s.v. Acad). But Nisibis is unquestionably too remote northward to be associated with Babel, Erech, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar, which could not have been far distant from each other. On the supposition that the original name was Akar, Colonel Taylor suggests its identification with the remarkable pile of ancient buildings called Akker-kuf, in Sittacene, and which the Turks know as Akker-i-Nimrud and Akker-i- Babil (Chesney's Survey of the Euphrates, 1, 117). The Babylonian Talmud might be expected to mention the site, and it occurs accordingly under the name of Aggada. It occurs also in Maimonides (Jud. Chaz. Tract. Madee, fol. 25, as quoted by Hyde). Akker-kuf is a ruin, consisting of a mass of sun-dried bricks, in the midst of a marsh, situated to the west of the Tigris, about five miles from Bagdad (Layard's Babylon, 2d ser. p. 407). The most conspicuous part of this primitive monument is still called by the natives Tel Nimrud, and Nimrud Tepasse, both designations signifying the hill of Nimrod (see Ker Porter's Travels, 2, 275). It consists of a mound, surmounted by a mass of building which looks like a tower, or an irregular pyramid, according to the point from which it is viewed, it is about 400 feet in circumference at the bottom, and rises to the height of 125 feet above the elevation on which it stands (Ainsworth's Researches in Assyria, p. 175). The mound which seems to form the foundation of the pile is a mass of rubbish, accumulated from the decay of the superincumbent structure (Bonomi's Nineveh, p. 41). In the ruin itself, the layers of sun-dried bricks can be traced very distinctly. They are cemented together by lime or bitumen, and are divided into courses varying from 12 to 20 feet in height, and are separated by layers of reeds, as is usual in the more ancient remains of this primitive region (Buckingham, Mesopotamia, 2, 217 sq.). Travellers have been perplexed to make out the use of this remarkable monument, and various strange conjectures have been hazarded. The embankments of canals and reservoirs, and the remnants of brick-work and pottery occupying the place all around, evince that the Tel stood in an important city; and, as its construction announces it to be a Babylonian relic, the greater probability is that it was one of those pyramidal structures erected upon high places, which were consecrated to the heavenly bodies, and served at once as the temples and the observatories of those remote times. Such buildings were common to all Babylonian towns; and those which remain appear to have been constructed more or less on the model of that in the metropolitan city of Babylon. SEE BABEL.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
One of the cities in the land of Shinar, with Babel, Erech, and Calneh, the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom (Gen_10:10). Jerome (Onomasticon) testifies that the Jews then believed Nisibis was Accad, a city on the river Khabour, in the N.E. of Mesopotamia, midway between Orfa and Nineveh. So the Targum of Jerusalem. Nisibis' ancient name was Acar, which the Syriac Peschito version has here. Akkad was the name of the "great primitive Hamite race who inhabited Babylonia from the earliest time, and who originated the arts and sciences. In the inscriptions of Sargon the name is applied to the Armenian mountains instead of the vernacular Ararat" (Rawlinson, Herodotus, 1:319, note). The form Kinzi Akkad is found in the inscriptions. Agadi was the great city of the earlier Sargon (G. Smith). Bechart fixes on a site nearer the other three cities in the ancient Sittacene: Akker-koof, or Akker-i-Nimrond, a curious pile of ancient buildings. The Babylonian Talmud mentions the site under the name Aggada. A tract N. of Babylon was called Aceere (Knobel).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Ac'cad. One of the cities in the land of Shinar. Gen_10:10. Its position is quite uncertain.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
one of the four cities built by Nimrod, the founder of the Assyrian empire. (See Nimrod.) And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar, Gen_10:10. Thus it appears that Accad was contemporary with Babylon, and was one of the first four great cities of the world.
It would scarcely be expected that any thing should now remain to guide us in our search for this ancient city, seeing that Babylon itself, with which it was coeval, is reduced to heaps; and that it is not mentioned under its ancient name by any profane author. But the discoveries of modern travellers may be brought to aid us in our inquiry. At the distance of about six miles from the modern town of Bagdad, is found a mound, surmounted by a tower-shaped ruin, called by the Arabs Tell Nimrood, and by the Turks Nemrood Tepasse; both terms implying the Hill of Nimrod. This gigantic mass rises in an irregularly pyramidal or turreted shape, according to the view in which it is taken, one hundred and twenty-five, or one hundred and thirty feet above the gently inclined elevation on which it stands. Its circumference, at the bottom, is three hundred feet. The mound which constitutes its foundation is composed of a collection of rubbish, formed from the decay of the superstructure; and consists of sandy earth, fragments of burnt brick, pottery, and hard clay, partially vitrified. In the remains of the tower, the different layers of sun-dried brick, of which it is composed, may be traced with great precision. These bricks, cemented together by slime, and divided into courses varying from twelve to twenty feet in height, are separated from one another by a stratum of reeds, similar to those now growing in the marshy parts of the plain, and in a wonderful state of preservation. The resemblance of this mode of building to that in some of the structures at Babylon, cannot escape observation; and we may reasonably conclude it to be the workmanship of the same architects. The solidity and the loftiness of this pile, unfashioned to any other purpose, bespeak it to be one of those enormous pyramidal towers which were consecrated to the Sabian worship; which, as essential to their religious rites, were probably erected in all the early cities of the Cuthites; and, like their prototype at Babylon, answered the double purpose of altars and observatories. Here then was the site of one of these early cities. It was not Babylon; it was not Erech; it was not Calneh. It might be too much to say that therefore it must be Accad; but the inference is at least warrantable; which is farther strengthened by the name of the place, Akarkouff; which bears a greater affinity to that of Accad than many others which are forced into the support of geographical speculations, especially when it is recollected that the Syrian name of the city was Achar.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Fig. 3?Akker-kuf
Ac?cad, one of the five cities in 'the land of Shinar,' or Babylonia, which are said to have been built by Nimrod, or rather, to have been 'the beginning of his kingdom' (Gen_10:10). It seems that several of the ancient translators found in their Hebrew MSS. Achar instead of Achad, and it is probable that this was really the name of the city. Its situation has been much disputed, but in all probability it may be identified with a remarkable pile of ancient buildings called Akker-k?f, in the district of Siticene, where there was a river named Argades. These buildings are called by the Turks Akker-i-Nimr?d and Akker-i-Babil.
Akker-k?f is about nine miles west of the Tigris, at the spot where that river makes its nearest approach to the Euphrates. The heap of ruins to which the name of Nimrod's Hill?Tel-i-Nimr?d, is more especially appropriated, consists of a mound surmounted by a mass of brickwork, which looks like either a tower or an irregular pyramid, according to the point from which it is viewed. It is about 400 feet in circumference at the bottom, and rises to the height of 125 feet above the sloping elevation on which it stands. The mound, which seems to form the foundation of the pile, is a mass of rubbish accumulated by the decay of the super structure. In the ruin itself, the layers of sun-dried bricks, of which it is composed, can be traced very distinctly. They are cemented together by lime or bitumen, and are divided into courses varying from 12 to 20 feet in height, and are separated by layers of reeds, as is usual in the more ancient remains of this primitive region. Travelers have been perplexed to make out the use of this remarkable monument, and various strange conjectures have been hazarded. The embankments of canals and reservoirs, and the remnants of brickwork and pottery occupying the place all around, evince that the Tel stood in an important city; and, as its construction announces it to be a Babylonian relic, the greater probability is that it was one of those pyramidal structures erected upon high places, which were consecrated to the heavenly bodies, and served at once as the temples and the observatories of those remote times. Such buildings were common to all Babylonian towns; and those which remain appear to have been constructed more or less on the model of that in the metropolitan city of Babylon.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Accad
(Heb. Akkad',אִבִּד, fortress; or, according to Simonis Onomast. p. 276, bond, i.e. of conquered nations; Sept. Α᾿ρχάδ [prob. by resolution of the Dagesh, like דִּרְמֶשֶׂק for דִּמֶּשֶׂק], Vulg. Achad), one of the four cities in the land of Shinar, or Babylonia, which are said to have been built by Nimrod, or, rather, to have been the beginning of his kingdom (Gen_10:10). AElian (De Animal. 16, 42) mentions that in the district of Sittacene was a river called Argades (Α᾿ργάδης), which is so near the name Archad which the Sept. give to this city, that Bochart was induced to fix Accad upon that river (Phaleg, 4:17). Mr. Loftus (Trav. in Chald. and Susiana, p. 96) compares the name of a Hamitic tribe emigrating to the plains of Mesopotamia from the shores of the Red Sea, and which he says the cuneiform inscriptions call Akkadin; but all this appears to be little more than conjecture. In the inscriptions of Sargon the name of Akkad is applied to the Armenian mountains instead of the vernacular title of Ararat (Rawlinson, in Herodotus' 1, 247, note). The name of the city is believed to have been discovered in the inscriptions under the form Kinzi Akkad (ib. 357). It seems that several of the ancient translators found in their Heb. MSS. Accar (אִכִּר) instead of Accad (Ephrem Syrus, Pseudo-Jonathan, Targum Hieros., Jerome, Abulfaragi, etc.). Achar was the ancient name of Nisibis (see Michaelis, Spicileg. 1, 226); and hence the Targumists give Nisibis or Nisibin (נציבין) for Accad, and they continued to be identified by the Jewish literati in the times of Jerome (Onomast. s.v. Acad). But Nisibis is unquestionably too remote northward to be associated with Babel, Erech, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar, which could not have been far distant from each other. On the supposition that the original name was Akar, Colonel Taylor suggests its identification with the remarkable pile of ancient buildings called Akker-kuf, in Sittacene, and which the Turks know as Akker-i-Nimrud and Akker-i- Babil (Chesney's Survey of the Euphrates, 1, 117). The Babylonian Talmud might be expected to mention the site, and it occurs accordingly under the name of Aggada. It occurs also in Maimonides (Jud. Chaz. Tract. Madee, fol. 25, as quoted by Hyde). Akker-kuf is a ruin, consisting of a mass of sun-dried bricks, in the midst of a marsh, situated to the west of the Tigris, about five miles from Bagdad (Layard's Babylon, 2d ser. p. 407). The most conspicuous part of this primitive monument is still called by the natives Tel Nimrud, and Nimrud Tepasse, both designations signifying the hill of Nimrod (see Ker Porter's Travels, 2, 275). It consists of a mound, surmounted by a mass of building which looks like a tower, or an irregular pyramid, according to the point from which it is viewed, it is about 400 feet in circumference at the bottom, and rises to the height of 125 feet above the elevation on which it stands (Ainsworth's Researches in Assyria, p. 175). The mound which seems to form the foundation of the pile is a mass of rubbish, accumulated from the decay of the superincumbent structure (Bonomi's Nineveh, p. 41). In the ruin itself, the layers of sun-dried bricks can be traced very distinctly. They are cemented together by lime or bitumen, and are divided into courses varying from 12 to 20 feet in height, and are separated by layers of reeds, as is usual in the more ancient remains of this primitive region (Buckingham, Mesopotamia, 2, 217 sq.). Travellers have been perplexed to make out the use of this remarkable monument, and various strange conjectures have been hazarded. The embankments of canals and reservoirs, and the remnants of brick-work and pottery occupying the place all around, evince that the Tel stood in an important city; and, as its construction announces it to be a Babylonian relic, the greater probability is that it was one of those pyramidal structures erected upon high places, which were consecrated to the heavenly bodies, and served at once as the temples and the observatories of those remote times. Such buildings were common to all Babylonian towns; and those which remain appear to have been constructed more or less on the model of that in the metropolitan city of Babylon. SEE BABEL.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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