Captive
VIEW:14 DATA:01-04-2020
Captive. A prisoner of war. Such were usually treated with great cruelty, by the heathen nations. They were kept for slaves, and often sold; but this was a modification of the ancient cruelty, and a substitute for putting them to death. Although the treatment of captives, by the Jews, seems sometimes to be cruel, it was very much milder than that of the heathen, and was mitigated, as far as possible, in the circumstances, by their civil code.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
kap?tiv (שׁבי, shebhı̄, גּלה, gālāh; αἰχμάλωτος, aichmálōtos and its derivatives): The frequent references in the Old Testament to captives as men forcibly deported (from the Hebrew root שׁבה, shābhāh) or inhabiting a land foreign to them (from Hebrew גּלה, gālāh) reflect the universal practice of the ancient world. The treatment of captives was sometimes barbarous (2Sa_8:2) but not always so (2Ki_6:21, 2Ki_6:22). See further under ASSIR and WAR.
Figurative: Except in Job_42:10 the figurative use of the idea is confined to the New Testament, where reference is made to the triumphal reign of the Lord Jesus (Luk_4:18; Eph_4:8), or, on the other hand, to the power of the devil (2Ti_2:26), or of false teachers (2Ti_3:6); compare also Rom_7:23; 2Co_10:5. See CAPTIVITY.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Isa_51:14 (b) This is typical of any Christian who is a slave to any form of evil or uncleanness. (See also Isa_52:2).
Luk_4:18 (b) Here is a type of those who are bound by Satan in false doctrines, false beliefs and evil practices. (See also Isa_61:1).
Eph_4:8 (a) These captives are the Old Testament believers who took advantage of the sacrifices, were protected by the blood of those offerings, but were held in paradise as captives until the Blood of the Lord JESUS would blot out their sins. Immediately after Calvary, CHRIST went down to paradise and took all of these Old Testament believers up to Heaven to be with GOD. The blood of bulls and of goats covered their sins, but it took the Blood of JESUS CHRIST to blot out their sins.
2Ti_3:6 (b) This name is given to those who are held in bondage by Satan as they listened to false teachers who lead them into false faiths.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Captive
(properly שְׁבַי, shebi´; Gr. αἰχμάλωτος) is distinguished from a prisoner (q.v.) or one in bondage (q.v.). SEE CAPTIVITY. Various indignities andcruelties were inflicted on those who had the misfortune to be taken captive in war. Those who surrendered were led out with halters as if for execution (1Ki_20:32). SEE BEHISTUN. On some occasions particular districts were marked out with a line for destruction (2Sa_8:2). The victors set their feet upon the necks (q.v.) of the captured kings and nobles (Jos_10:24), or mutilated their persons by cutting off their thumbs, toes, or ears (Jdg_1:7; 2Sa_4:12; Eze_23:25); and sometimes they put out their eyes (q.v.) by passing a red-hot iron over them, or literally scooped or dug them out of their sockets (2Ki_25:7; Isa_61:1).
These cruelties are still practiced under some of the despotic governments of the Eastern countries. SEE PUNISHMENT. It was the barbarous custom of the conquerors of those times to suspend their unhappy captives by the hand (Lam_5:12), and also to make them bow down that they might go over them (Isa_51:23); sometimes they were thrown among thorns, were sawn asunder, beaten to pieces with threshing instruments, or had imposed upon them the severest and most laborious occupations (Jdg_8:7; 2Sa_12:31; 1Ch_20:3). The soldiers who were taken were deprived of all their property and sold naked into servitude. When the city was taken by assault, all the men were slain; the women and children were carried away captive, and sold at a very low price ( Isaiah 20; Isa_3:4; Isa_47:3; 2Ch_28:9-15; Psa_44:12; Mic_1:11; Joe_3:3). SEE SIEGE. Sometimes the conqueror stripped the wretched prisoners naked, shaved their heads, and made them travel in that condition, exposed to the heat of a vertical sun by day, and the chilling cold of the night.
Nor were women exempted from this treatment (Isa_3:17). To them this was the height of indignity, as well as of cruelty, especially to those described by the prophets, who had indulged themselves in all manner of delicacies of living, and all the superfluities of ornamental dress, and even whose faces had hardly ever been exposed to the sight of men. Women and children were also exposed to treatment at which humanity shudders (Nah_3:5-6; Zec_14:2; Est_3:13; 2Ki_8:12; Psa_137:9; Isa_13:16; Isa_13:18; 2Ki_15:16; Hos_13:16; Amo_1:13). Sometimes the people were carried into captivity, and transplanted to distant countries: this was the case with the Jews (Jer_20:5; Jer_39:9-10; Jer_40:7; 2Ki_24:12-16). In some cases the conquered nations were merely made tributary (2Sa_8:6; 2Ki_14:14). To be tributary, however, was considered a great ignominy, and was a source of reproach to the idol deities of the countries who were thus subjected (2Ki_19:8; 2Ki_19:13). It was likewise a custom among the heathens to carry in triumph the images of the gods of such nations as they had vanquished (Isa_46:1-2; Jer_48:7; Dan_11:8; Amo_1:15).
Still farther to show their absolute superiority, the victorious sovereigns used to change the names of the monarchs whom they subdued (2Ki_24:17; 2Ch_35:21-22; 2Ch_36:4; Dan_1:7). The conquerors, however, were not always destitute of humanity. In many instances they permitted the conquered kings to retain their authority, only requiring from them the promise of good faith and the payment of tribute. But if in such a case the kings rebelled, they were treated with the greatest severity (Gen_14:4-11; 2Ki_23:34; 2Ki_24:1-14; Isa_24:2; Jer_20:5-6). SEE TRIUMPH.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
kap?tiv (שׁבי, shebhı̄, גּלה, gālāh; αἰχμάλωτος, aichmálōtos and its derivatives): The frequent references in the Old Testament to captives as men forcibly deported (from the Hebrew root שׁבה, shābhāh) or inhabiting a land foreign to them (from Hebrew גּלה, gālāh) reflect the universal practice of the ancient world. The treatment of captives was sometimes barbarous (2Sa_8:2) but not always so (2Ki_6:21, 2Ki_6:22). See further under ASSIR and WAR.
Figurative: Except in Job_42:10 the figurative use of the idea is confined to the New Testament, where reference is made to the triumphal reign of the Lord Jesus (Luk_4:18; Eph_4:8), or, on the other hand, to the power of the devil (2Ti_2:26), or of false teachers (2Ti_3:6); compare also Rom_7:23; 2Co_10:5. See CAPTIVITY.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Isa_51:14 (b) This is typical of any Christian who is a slave to any form of evil or uncleanness. (See also Isa_52:2).
Luk_4:18 (b) Here is a type of those who are bound by Satan in false doctrines, false beliefs and evil practices. (See also Isa_61:1).
Eph_4:8 (a) These captives are the Old Testament believers who took advantage of the sacrifices, were protected by the blood of those offerings, but were held in paradise as captives until the Blood of the Lord JESUS would blot out their sins. Immediately after Calvary, CHRIST went down to paradise and took all of these Old Testament believers up to Heaven to be with GOD. The blood of bulls and of goats covered their sins, but it took the Blood of JESUS CHRIST to blot out their sins.
2Ti_3:6 (b) This name is given to those who are held in bondage by Satan as they listened to false teachers who lead them into false faiths.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Captive
(properly שְׁבַי, shebi´; Gr. αἰχμάλωτος) is distinguished from a prisoner (q.v.) or one in bondage (q.v.). SEE CAPTIVITY. Various indignities andcruelties were inflicted on those who had the misfortune to be taken captive in war. Those who surrendered were led out with halters as if for execution (1Ki_20:32). SEE BEHISTUN. On some occasions particular districts were marked out with a line for destruction (2Sa_8:2). The victors set their feet upon the necks (q.v.) of the captured kings and nobles (Jos_10:24), or mutilated their persons by cutting off their thumbs, toes, or ears (Jdg_1:7; 2Sa_4:12; Eze_23:25); and sometimes they put out their eyes (q.v.) by passing a red-hot iron over them, or literally scooped or dug them out of their sockets (2Ki_25:7; Isa_61:1).
These cruelties are still practiced under some of the despotic governments of the Eastern countries. SEE PUNISHMENT. It was the barbarous custom of the conquerors of those times to suspend their unhappy captives by the hand (Lam_5:12), and also to make them bow down that they might go over them (Isa_51:23); sometimes they were thrown among thorns, were sawn asunder, beaten to pieces with threshing instruments, or had imposed upon them the severest and most laborious occupations (Jdg_8:7; 2Sa_12:31; 1Ch_20:3). The soldiers who were taken were deprived of all their property and sold naked into servitude. When the city was taken by assault, all the men were slain; the women and children were carried away captive, and sold at a very low price ( Isaiah 20; Isa_3:4; Isa_47:3; 2Ch_28:9-15; Psa_44:12; Mic_1:11; Joe_3:3). SEE SIEGE. Sometimes the conqueror stripped the wretched prisoners naked, shaved their heads, and made them travel in that condition, exposed to the heat of a vertical sun by day, and the chilling cold of the night.
Nor were women exempted from this treatment (Isa_3:17). To them this was the height of indignity, as well as of cruelty, especially to those described by the prophets, who had indulged themselves in all manner of delicacies of living, and all the superfluities of ornamental dress, and even whose faces had hardly ever been exposed to the sight of men. Women and children were also exposed to treatment at which humanity shudders (Nah_3:5-6; Zec_14:2; Est_3:13; 2Ki_8:12; Psa_137:9; Isa_13:16; Isa_13:18; 2Ki_15:16; Hos_13:16; Amo_1:13). Sometimes the people were carried into captivity, and transplanted to distant countries: this was the case with the Jews (Jer_20:5; Jer_39:9-10; Jer_40:7; 2Ki_24:12-16). In some cases the conquered nations were merely made tributary (2Sa_8:6; 2Ki_14:14). To be tributary, however, was considered a great ignominy, and was a source of reproach to the idol deities of the countries who were thus subjected (2Ki_19:8; 2Ki_19:13). It was likewise a custom among the heathens to carry in triumph the images of the gods of such nations as they had vanquished (Isa_46:1-2; Jer_48:7; Dan_11:8; Amo_1:15).
Still farther to show their absolute superiority, the victorious sovereigns used to change the names of the monarchs whom they subdued (2Ki_24:17; 2Ch_35:21-22; 2Ch_36:4; Dan_1:7). The conquerors, however, were not always destitute of humanity. In many instances they permitted the conquered kings to retain their authority, only requiring from them the promise of good faith and the payment of tribute. But if in such a case the kings rebelled, they were treated with the greatest severity (Gen_14:4-11; 2Ki_23:34; 2Ki_24:1-14; Isa_24:2; Jer_20:5-6). SEE TRIUMPH.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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