Chain
VIEW:18 DATA:01-04-2020
CHAIN is used in two different senses. 1. Chains for securing prisoners are denoted by a variety of words in OT and NT, which are also rendered by bonds or fetters, although the monuments show that ropes were more generally used for this purpose. 2. A chain of precious metal was worn as a sign of rank, as by Joseph and Daniel, or purely as an ornament. See Ornaments, § 2.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Of gold on Joseph's neck (Gen_41:42). Was the badge of a judge, and a prime minister, in Egypt. Judges wore the image of Thmei, or truth, attached from their neck (compare Pro_1:9). Daniel was given by Belshazzar a chain of gold about his neck, a token of investiture as "the third ruler in the kingdom" of Babylon (Dan_5:7; Dan_5:29). Secondly, chares, besides the necklace, were used for ornament, hanging down to the waist (Eze_16:11; Isa_3:19).
"Chains," hanetiphot, from naataph, to drop; pendants about the neck, dropping on the breast. Some had ornamental miniature lunettes attached (Isa_3:18), "round tires like the moon," such as the Midianites adorned their camels' necks with (Jdg_8:21-26; compare Num_31:50); the chumarah or crescent is still worn in front of the headdress in western Asia; (Isa_3:20) "tablets" or scentbottles, lit. houses of the breath or soul, were often suspended by chains. "Tinkling ornaments," i.e. step chains attached to ankle rings, shortened the step so as to give a tripping (margin) gait (Isa_3:16; Isa_3:18).
Prisoners were chained to one or even two guards, by a chain from each hand, as Peter (Act_12:6-7). Paul's right hand was chained to the soldier's left (Act_28:20). Originally he was bound with two chains (Act_21:33). Joseph's "feet they hurt with fetters, he was laid in (margin his soul, came into) iron," i.e. his soul suffered more pain than even the fetters caused to his body. As the Hebrew verb is feminine, and "the iron" masculine, the Prayer-Book version, "the iron entered into his soul," is wrong (Psa_105:18).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Chain. Chains were used,
1. As badges of office; The gold chain placed about Joseph's neck, Gen_41:42, and that promised to Daniel, Dan_5:7, are instances of this first use. In Eze_16:11, the chain is mentioned as the symbol of sovereignty.
2. For ornaments; Chains for ornamental purposes were worn by men as well as women. Pro_1:9. Jdt_10:4. The Midianites adorned the necks of their camels with chains. Jdg_8:21; Jdg_8:26. Step-chains were attached to the ankle-rings. Isa_3:16; Isa_3:18.
3. For confining prisoners; The means adopted for confining prisoners among the Jews were fetters similar to our handcuffs. Jdg_16:21; 2Sa_3:34; 2Ki_25:7; Jer_39:7. Among the Romans, the prisoner was handcuffed to his guard, and occasionally to two guards. Act_12:6-7; Act_21:33.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Chains of gold appear to have been as much used among the Hebrews, for ornament or official distinction, as they are among ourselves at the present day. The earliest mention of them occurs in Gen_41:42, where we are told that a chain of gold formed a part of the investiture of Joseph in the high office to which he was raised in Egypt; a later instance occurs in Dan_5:29, from which we learn that a golden chain was part of a dress of honor at Babylon. In Egypt the judges wore chains of gold, to which was attached a jeweled figure of Thmei, or Truth; and in that country similar chains were also worn as ornaments by the women. It is not, however, necessary to suppose that the Hebrews derived this custom from the Egyptians; for the fact that chains are mentioned among the spoil of the Midianites shows that they were in use among people whose condition of life more nearly resembled that of the Israelites before they obtained possession of Canaan. It would seem that chains were worn both by men and women (Pro_1:9; Eze_16:11), and we find them enumerated among the ornaments of brides (Son_1:10; Son_4:9).
It was a custom among the Romans to fasten a prisoner with a light chain to the soldier who was appointed to guard him. One end of it was attached to the right hand of the prisoner, and the other to the left hand of the soldier. This is the chain by which Paul was so often bound, and to which he repeatedly alludes (Act_28:20; Eph_6:20; 2Ti_1:16). When the utmost security was desired, the prisoner was attached by two chains to two soldiers, as was the case with Peter (Act_12:6).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Pro_1:9 (a) In this passage, wisdom, knowledge, and the law of GOD are compared to three golden links which adorn those who possess them.
Lam_3:7 (b) Jeremiah compares his many sorrows to links in a chain which weigh him down and prevent his progress.
Eze_7:23 (b) The combination of circumstances and conditions which the Lord would bring upon Israel in punishment are compared to links in a chain to bind His people.
Rev_20:1 (b) GOD's commandments restrict, prohibit, and defeat Satan and are compared to links that form a chain for his utter punishment. (See 2Pe_2:4; Jud_1:6).
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Chain
(represented by several Hebrews and Gr. terms). Chains of different metals appear to have been used by the ancients for various purposes, similar to those of modern times.
1. As a Badge of Office. The gold chain (רָבַיד, rabid´) placed about Joseph's neck (Gen_41:42), and that promised to Daniel (Dan_5:7, named הִמְנַיךְ, hamnik´), are instances of the first use (comp. 1Es_3:6). In Egypt it was one of the insignia of a judge, who wore a jeweled image of Thmei or Truth attached to it (Wilkinson's Anc. Egypt. 2:26); it was also worn by the prime minister. In Persia it was considered not only a mark of royal favor (Xenophon, Anab. 1:2, § 27), but a token of investiture (Daniel l. c.; Morier's Second Journey, p. 93). In Eze_16:11, the chain is mentioned as the symbol of sovereignty. The breastplate of the high-priest was in like manner fastened to the ephod with golden chains (Exo_39:16; Exo_39:21). SEE ATTIRE.
2. Chains for ornamental purposes (comp. Jdt_10:4) were worn by men as well as women in many countries both of Europe (Smith's Dict. of Class. Ant. s.v. Torques) and Asia (Wilkinson, 3:375), and probably this was the case among the Hebrews (Pro_1:9). The necklace (עֲנָק, anak´) consisted of pearls, corals, etc., threaded on a string; the beads were called חֲרוּזַים, charuzim´, that is, perforated (Son_1:10, "chains," where a' of gold" is interpolated). Besides the necklace, other chains were worn (Jdt_10:4) hanging down as far as the waist, or even lower. Some were adorned with pieces of metal, shaped in the form of the moon, named שִׁהֲרֹנַים(saharonim´, Sept. μήνισκοι; Vulg. lunulae ; A. V. round tires like the moon; Isa_3:18); a similar ornament, the hilâl, still exists in Egypt (Lane's Modern Egyptians, App. A.). The Midianites adorned the necks of their camels with such (Jdg_8:21; Jdg_8:26); the Arabs still use a similar ornament (Wellsted, 1:301). To other chains were suspended various trinkets, as scent-bottles, הִנֶּפֶשׁ בָּתֵּי(bottey´ han-ne´ phesh, tablets or houses of the soul, Isa_3:20), and mirrors, גַּלְיוֹנַים(gilyonim´, Isa_3:23). Step-chains, צְעָדוֹת tseädoth´, tinkling ornaments), were attached to the ankle-rings, which shortened the step and produced a mincing gait (Isa_3:16; Isa_3:18). SEE ANKLET; SEE NECKLACE. The particular female ornaments thus rendered in Isa_3:19 (נְטַפוֹת, net'photh', Sept. κάθεμα, Vulg. torques), signify drops or pendants to earrings or other articles of jewelry. SEE EARRING.
3. The means adopted for confining prisoners among the Jews were either manacles or fetters of copper or iron, similar to our handcuffs, נְחֻשְׁתִּיַם (nechushta´yim, lit. two brasses, as though made in halves), fastened on the wrists and ankles, and attached to each other by a chain (Jdg_16:21; 2Sa_3:34; 2Ki_25:7; Jer_39:7). It was a custom among the lRomans likewise to fasten a prisoner with a light chain to the soldier who was appointed to guard him. One end of it was attached to the right hand of the prisoner, and the other to the left hand of the soldier. This is the chain by which Paul was so often bound, and to which he repeatedly alludes (Act_28:20; Eph_6:20; 2Ti_1:16). When the utmost security was desired, the prisoner was attached by two chains to two soldiers, as was the case with Peter (Act_12:6; Walch, De vinculis Petri, Jen. 1758). (See Smith's Dict. of Class Antiq. s.v. Catena.) SEE FETTER.
Idols, it appears, were fixed in their shrines with chains (Isa_40:19). Pride is emblematically termed a chain which keeps men under its power (Psa_73:6; comp. 1Es_1:40; Wisd. 17:37; Sir_6:24; Sir_6:29).
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Of gold on Joseph's neck (Gen_41:42). Was the badge of a judge, and a prime minister, in Egypt. Judges wore the image of Thmei, or truth, attached from their neck (compare Pro_1:9). Daniel was given by Belshazzar a chain of gold about his neck, a token of investiture as "the third ruler in the kingdom" of Babylon (Dan_5:7; Dan_5:29). Secondly, chares, besides the necklace, were used for ornament, hanging down to the waist (Eze_16:11; Isa_3:19).
"Chains," hanetiphot, from naataph, to drop; pendants about the neck, dropping on the breast. Some had ornamental miniature lunettes attached (Isa_3:18), "round tires like the moon," such as the Midianites adorned their camels' necks with (Jdg_8:21-26; compare Num_31:50); the chumarah or crescent is still worn in front of the headdress in western Asia; (Isa_3:20) "tablets" or scentbottles, lit. houses of the breath or soul, were often suspended by chains. "Tinkling ornaments," i.e. step chains attached to ankle rings, shortened the step so as to give a tripping (margin) gait (Isa_3:16; Isa_3:18).
Prisoners were chained to one or even two guards, by a chain from each hand, as Peter (Act_12:6-7). Paul's right hand was chained to the soldier's left (Act_28:20). Originally he was bound with two chains (Act_21:33). Joseph's "feet they hurt with fetters, he was laid in (margin his soul, came into) iron," i.e. his soul suffered more pain than even the fetters caused to his body. As the Hebrew verb is feminine, and "the iron" masculine, the Prayer-Book version, "the iron entered into his soul," is wrong (Psa_105:18).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Chain. Chains were used,
1. As badges of office; The gold chain placed about Joseph's neck, Gen_41:42, and that promised to Daniel, Dan_5:7, are instances of this first use. In Eze_16:11, the chain is mentioned as the symbol of sovereignty.
2. For ornaments; Chains for ornamental purposes were worn by men as well as women. Pro_1:9. Jdt_10:4. The Midianites adorned the necks of their camels with chains. Jdg_8:21; Jdg_8:26. Step-chains were attached to the ankle-rings. Isa_3:16; Isa_3:18.
3. For confining prisoners; The means adopted for confining prisoners among the Jews were fetters similar to our handcuffs. Jdg_16:21; 2Sa_3:34; 2Ki_25:7; Jer_39:7. Among the Romans, the prisoner was handcuffed to his guard, and occasionally to two guards. Act_12:6-7; Act_21:33.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Chains of gold appear to have been as much used among the Hebrews, for ornament or official distinction, as they are among ourselves at the present day. The earliest mention of them occurs in Gen_41:42, where we are told that a chain of gold formed a part of the investiture of Joseph in the high office to which he was raised in Egypt; a later instance occurs in Dan_5:29, from which we learn that a golden chain was part of a dress of honor at Babylon. In Egypt the judges wore chains of gold, to which was attached a jeweled figure of Thmei, or Truth; and in that country similar chains were also worn as ornaments by the women. It is not, however, necessary to suppose that the Hebrews derived this custom from the Egyptians; for the fact that chains are mentioned among the spoil of the Midianites shows that they were in use among people whose condition of life more nearly resembled that of the Israelites before they obtained possession of Canaan. It would seem that chains were worn both by men and women (Pro_1:9; Eze_16:11), and we find them enumerated among the ornaments of brides (Son_1:10; Son_4:9).
It was a custom among the Romans to fasten a prisoner with a light chain to the soldier who was appointed to guard him. One end of it was attached to the right hand of the prisoner, and the other to the left hand of the soldier. This is the chain by which Paul was so often bound, and to which he repeatedly alludes (Act_28:20; Eph_6:20; 2Ti_1:16). When the utmost security was desired, the prisoner was attached by two chains to two soldiers, as was the case with Peter (Act_12:6).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Pro_1:9 (a) In this passage, wisdom, knowledge, and the law of GOD are compared to three golden links which adorn those who possess them.
Lam_3:7 (b) Jeremiah compares his many sorrows to links in a chain which weigh him down and prevent his progress.
Eze_7:23 (b) The combination of circumstances and conditions which the Lord would bring upon Israel in punishment are compared to links in a chain to bind His people.
Rev_20:1 (b) GOD's commandments restrict, prohibit, and defeat Satan and are compared to links that form a chain for his utter punishment. (See 2Pe_2:4; Jud_1:6).
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Chain
(represented by several Hebrews and Gr. terms). Chains of different metals appear to have been used by the ancients for various purposes, similar to those of modern times.
1. As a Badge of Office. The gold chain (רָבַיד, rabid´) placed about Joseph's neck (Gen_41:42), and that promised to Daniel (Dan_5:7, named הִמְנַיךְ, hamnik´), are instances of the first use (comp. 1Es_3:6). In Egypt it was one of the insignia of a judge, who wore a jeweled image of Thmei or Truth attached to it (Wilkinson's Anc. Egypt. 2:26); it was also worn by the prime minister. In Persia it was considered not only a mark of royal favor (Xenophon, Anab. 1:2, § 27), but a token of investiture (Daniel l. c.; Morier's Second Journey, p. 93). In Eze_16:11, the chain is mentioned as the symbol of sovereignty. The breastplate of the high-priest was in like manner fastened to the ephod with golden chains (Exo_39:16; Exo_39:21). SEE ATTIRE.
2. Chains for ornamental purposes (comp. Jdt_10:4) were worn by men as well as women in many countries both of Europe (Smith's Dict. of Class. Ant. s.v. Torques) and Asia (Wilkinson, 3:375), and probably this was the case among the Hebrews (Pro_1:9). The necklace (עֲנָק, anak´) consisted of pearls, corals, etc., threaded on a string; the beads were called חֲרוּזַים, charuzim´, that is, perforated (Son_1:10, "chains," where a' of gold" is interpolated). Besides the necklace, other chains were worn (Jdt_10:4) hanging down as far as the waist, or even lower. Some were adorned with pieces of metal, shaped in the form of the moon, named שִׁהֲרֹנַים(saharonim´, Sept. μήνισκοι; Vulg. lunulae ; A. V. round tires like the moon; Isa_3:18); a similar ornament, the hilâl, still exists in Egypt (Lane's Modern Egyptians, App. A.). The Midianites adorned the necks of their camels with such (Jdg_8:21; Jdg_8:26); the Arabs still use a similar ornament (Wellsted, 1:301). To other chains were suspended various trinkets, as scent-bottles, הִנֶּפֶשׁ בָּתֵּי(bottey´ han-ne´ phesh, tablets or houses of the soul, Isa_3:20), and mirrors, גַּלְיוֹנַים(gilyonim´, Isa_3:23). Step-chains, צְעָדוֹת tseädoth´, tinkling ornaments), were attached to the ankle-rings, which shortened the step and produced a mincing gait (Isa_3:16; Isa_3:18). SEE ANKLET; SEE NECKLACE. The particular female ornaments thus rendered in Isa_3:19 (נְטַפוֹת, net'photh', Sept. κάθεμα, Vulg. torques), signify drops or pendants to earrings or other articles of jewelry. SEE EARRING.
3. The means adopted for confining prisoners among the Jews were either manacles or fetters of copper or iron, similar to our handcuffs, נְחֻשְׁתִּיַם (nechushta´yim, lit. two brasses, as though made in halves), fastened on the wrists and ankles, and attached to each other by a chain (Jdg_16:21; 2Sa_3:34; 2Ki_25:7; Jer_39:7). It was a custom among the lRomans likewise to fasten a prisoner with a light chain to the soldier who was appointed to guard him. One end of it was attached to the right hand of the prisoner, and the other to the left hand of the soldier. This is the chain by which Paul was so often bound, and to which he repeatedly alludes (Act_28:20; Eph_6:20; 2Ti_1:16). When the utmost security was desired, the prisoner was attached by two chains to two soldiers, as was the case with Peter (Act_12:6; Walch, De vinculis Petri, Jen. 1758). (See Smith's Dict. of Class Antiq. s.v. Catena.) SEE FETTER.
Idols, it appears, were fixed in their shrines with chains (Isa_40:19). Pride is emblematically termed a chain which keeps men under its power (Psa_73:6; comp. 1Es_1:40; Wisd. 17:37; Sir_6:24; Sir_6:29).
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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