Dust
VIEW:15 DATA:01-04-2020
To "shake off dust from one's feet against a city or person" implied a solemn refusal to take anything away, even the very dust of their ground, but to leave it to witness against them (Mar_6:11); shaking off all connection with them, and all responsibility for their guilt and consequent punishment for rejecting the gospel.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Dust. See Mourning.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
or ashes, cast on the head was a sign of mourning, Jos_7:6 :
sitting in the dust, a sign of affliction, Lam_3:29; Isa_47:1. The dust also denotes the grave, Gen_3:19; Job_7:21; Psa_22:15. It is put for a great multitude, Gen_13:16; Num_23:10. It signifies a low or mean condition, 1Sa_2:8; Nah_3:18. To shake or wipe off the dust of a place from one's feet, marks the renouncing of all intercourse with it in future. God threatens the Jews with rain of dust, &c; Deu_28:24. An extract from Sir T. Roe's embassy may cast light on this: Sometimes, in India, the wind blows very high in hot and dry seasons, raising up into the air a very great height, thick clouds of dust and sand. These dry showers most grievously annoy, all those among whom they fall; enough to smite them all with present blindness; filling their eyes, ears, nostrils, and mouths too, if not well guarded; searching every place, as well within as without, so that there is not a little key-hole of any trunk or cabinet, if it be not covered, but receives this dust; add to this, that the fields, brooks, and gardens, suffer extremely from these terrible showers.
2. In almost every part of Asia, those who demand justice against a criminal throw dust upon him, signifying that he deserves to lose his life, and be cast into the grave; and that this is the true interpretation of the action, is evident from an imprecation in common use among the Turks and Persians, Be covered with earth! Earth be upon thy head: We have two remarkable instances of casting dust recorded in Scripture: the first is that of Shimei, who gave vent to his secret hostility to David, when he fled before his rebellious son, by throwing stones at him, and casting dust,
2Sa_16:13. It was an ancient custom, in those warm and arid countries, to lay the dust before a person of distinction, and particularly before kings and princes, by sprinkling the ground with water. To throw dust into the air while a person was passing, was therefore an act of great disrespect; to do so before a sovereign prince, an indecent outrage. But it is clear that Shimei meant more than disrespect and outrage to an afflicted king, whose subject he was: he intended to signify by that action, that David was unfit to live, and that the time was at last arrived to offer him a sacrifice to the ambition and vengeance of the house of Saul. This view of his conduct is confirmed by the behaviour of the Jews to the Apostle Paul, when they seized him in the temple, and had nearly succeeded in putting him to death: they cried out, Away with such a fellow from the earth, for it is not fit that he should live; and as they cried out and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, the chief captain commanded him to be brought into the castle, Act_22:23. A great similarity appears between the conduct of the Jews on this occasion, and the behaviour of the peasants in Persia, when they go to court to complain of the governors, whose oppressions they can no longer endure. They carry their complaints against their governors by companies, consisting of several hundreds, and sometimes of a thousand; they repair to that gate of the palace nearest to which their prince is most likely to be, where they set themselves to make the most horrid cries, tearing their garments, and throwing dust into the air, and demanding justice. The king, upon hearing these cries, sends to know the occasion of them: the people deliver their complaints in writing, upon which he informs them that he will commit the cognizance of the affair to such a one as he names; and in consequence of this, justice is usually obtained.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
dust (עפר, ‛āphār; κονιορτός, koniortós, χοῦς, choús): Small particles of earth. The word has several figurative and symbolic meanings: (1) Dust being the material out of which God is said to have formed man (Gen_2:7), it became a symbol of man's frailty (Psa_103:14, ?For he knoweth our frame; he remembereth that we are dust?; compare Gen_18:27; Job_4:19, etc.), and of his mortality (Gen_3:19, Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return?; compare Job_34:15; Psa_104:29; Ecc_3:20; Ecc_12:7, etc.) Hence, it is used figuratively for the grave (Psa_22:15, Psa_22:29; Psa_30:9; Dan_12:2). (2) Such actions as to lie in the dust, to lick the dust, to sprinkle dust on the head, are symbols expressive of deep humiliation, abasement or lamentation (e.g. Job_2:12; Job_42:6, Psa_72:9; Isa_2:10; Isa_47:1; Isa_49:23; Lam_2:10; Lam_3:29; Eze_27:30; Mic_7:17; Rev_18:19). Hence, such expressions as ?He raiseth up the poor out of the dust,? i.e. out of their state of lowliness (1Sa_2:8; Psa_113:7). (3) Throwing dust was an act expressive of execration. Thus, Shimei ?cursed? David and ?threw stones at him, and cast dust,? literally, ?dusted (him) with dust? (2Sa_16:13). So the crowd which Paul addressed at Jerusalem manifested their wrath against him by tossing about their garments and casting dust into the air (Act_22:23). (4) Shaking the dust off one's feet against anyone (Mat_10:14; Mar_6:11; Luk_9:5; Luk_10:11; Act_13:51) is symbolic of renunciation, as we would say ?washing one's hands of him,? an intimation that all further intercourse was at an end. It was practiced by the Pharisees on passing from Gentile to Jewish soil, it being a rabbinical doctrine that the dust of a heathen land defiles. (5) It is also used figuratively for an innumerable multitude (e.g. Gen_13:16; Gen_28:14; Job_27:16; Psa_78:27). (6) The expression ?Yahweh will make the rain of thy land powder and dust? (Deu_28:24) means the dust in consequence of the drought shall fall down instead of rain on the dry ground. In Judea and vicinity during a sirocco, the air becomes filled with sand and dust, which are blown down by the wind with great violence.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
For storms of dust, etc., see Climate and Seasons of Palestine; for throwing dust on the head, see Mourning.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Gen_18:27 (a) This is an expression to describe the utter humiliation and feeling of insignificance which filled Abraham's heart in the presence of GOD.
Num_23:10 (a) This figure is used to represent Israel numerically, as well as Israel which was to be scattered throughout the whole world, as dust is scattered. As dust is found everywhere on the land areas, so Israel may be found in every country. (See also Gen_13:16; Gen_28:14; 2Ch_1:9).
Job_4:19 (a) This represents the frailty of the man whose only hope is in this life. He is on his way to the grave where his body will return to dust, and he cares not that there is another life beyond the tomb. (See also Job_16:15).
Job_42:6 (b) The word is used here to express Job's feeling of weakness and inferiority when he saw the Lord in His glory.
Psa_7:5 (a) The word is used here to describe the humiliation and shame that David would endure if it could be proved that he had lived a life of disobedience to GOD.
Isa_2:10 (a) This represents the humble place we should take in the presence of the Lord, for dust is often used as a type of humiliation.
Isa_26:19 (a) This probably refers to those who are the righteous dead, as they come out in resurrection to sing and worship GOD.
Isa_29:5 (a) The Lord uses this figure to describe the thorough whipping and punishment which He will administer to the enemies of Israel.
Isa_47:1 (a) This is a prophecy that proud Babylon would be reduced to poverty, humiliation and destruction.
Nah_1:3 (b) Here we see the clouds compared to the dust of the road on which our Lord walks. Clouds which to us represent power, wind, rain, storms are only as dust under GOD's feet. Clouds of dust upon the country road indicate the approach of a visitor. So clouds that may arise in our lives may indicate the proximity of our Lord on His way to deliver us.
Lam_3:29 (a) This is a picture of the voluntary humiliation of a true worshipper as he realizes his own sinful condition and appreciates the kindness and love of GOD.
Mic_1:10 (a) The word "Aphrah" means "dust." The prophet is describing the anguish of spirit that will characterize the people of that city when GOD judges and punishes them. (See Nah_3:18).
Mat_10:14 (a) This figure illustrates that the disciples were to completely eliminate all association with the enemies of GOD when they left the city in which they were not welcome. (See also Mar_6:11; Luk_9:5).
Act_13:51 (b) This portrays an act of utter contempt and complete rejection of the people of Antioch.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Dust
(usually עָפָר, aphar', but אָבָק, abak, pulverulence, in Exo_9:9; Isa_5:24; Isa_29:5; Eze_26:10; Nah_1:3; "powder," Deuteronomy 38:24; and שִׁחִק, shach'ak, or impalpable dust, Isa_40:15; דָּקִק, dakak', to triturate, 2Ch_34:4; Gr. κονιορτός; but χόος, dirt, in Mar_6:11; Rev_18:19). In the immediate vicinity of Judaea there are vast plains or deserts of fine sand, which, when agitated by a violent wind, makes most terrific and desolating storms. Eastern travelers describe them particularly, and think them more dreadful than storms at sea. This affords us a striking illustration of the nature and horrors of the plague, mentioned in Exo_8:16-17, when, the extremely fine and penetrating dust of the land of Egypt was converted into gnats. Among the various fearful punishments denounced in the event of their forsaking Jehovah, the Hebrews are threatened that the rain of their land shall become "powder and dust" (Deu_28:24). SEE STORM.
Among the Hebrews, to cast dust or ashes upon the head was a sign of mourning (Jos_7:6), and sitting in the dust was a sign of extreme affliction (Isa_47:1; Lam_3:29). SEE GRIEF. The term "dust" is often used figuratively, sometimes to denote the grave (Job_7:21) or death itself (Gen_3:19; Psa_22:15), sometimes to express a numerous people (Num_23:10), and sometimes a low or mean condition (1Sa_2:8; Nah_3:18). See Wemyss, Symbol. Dict. s.v. To shake or wipe off the dust of a place from one's feet marks the renouncing of all intercourse with it in future (Mat_10:14; Act_13:51). To "lick the dust" signifies the most abject submission (Psa_72:9). In almost every part of Asia those who demand justice against a criminal throw dust upon him. Thus Shimei cast dust at David (2Sa_16:13), signifying by that action that David ought to be put to death. This view is confirmed by the conduct of the Jews to Paul; when they seized him in the Temple they cried out, "Away with such a fellow from the earth, for it is not fit that he should live; and as they cried out, and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, the chief captain commanded him to be brought into the castle" (Act_22:23). SEE ASHES.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Dust. See Mourning.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
or ashes, cast on the head was a sign of mourning, Jos_7:6 :
sitting in the dust, a sign of affliction, Lam_3:29; Isa_47:1. The dust also denotes the grave, Gen_3:19; Job_7:21; Psa_22:15. It is put for a great multitude, Gen_13:16; Num_23:10. It signifies a low or mean condition, 1Sa_2:8; Nah_3:18. To shake or wipe off the dust of a place from one's feet, marks the renouncing of all intercourse with it in future. God threatens the Jews with rain of dust, &c; Deu_28:24. An extract from Sir T. Roe's embassy may cast light on this: Sometimes, in India, the wind blows very high in hot and dry seasons, raising up into the air a very great height, thick clouds of dust and sand. These dry showers most grievously annoy, all those among whom they fall; enough to smite them all with present blindness; filling their eyes, ears, nostrils, and mouths too, if not well guarded; searching every place, as well within as without, so that there is not a little key-hole of any trunk or cabinet, if it be not covered, but receives this dust; add to this, that the fields, brooks, and gardens, suffer extremely from these terrible showers.
2. In almost every part of Asia, those who demand justice against a criminal throw dust upon him, signifying that he deserves to lose his life, and be cast into the grave; and that this is the true interpretation of the action, is evident from an imprecation in common use among the Turks and Persians, Be covered with earth! Earth be upon thy head: We have two remarkable instances of casting dust recorded in Scripture: the first is that of Shimei, who gave vent to his secret hostility to David, when he fled before his rebellious son, by throwing stones at him, and casting dust,
2Sa_16:13. It was an ancient custom, in those warm and arid countries, to lay the dust before a person of distinction, and particularly before kings and princes, by sprinkling the ground with water. To throw dust into the air while a person was passing, was therefore an act of great disrespect; to do so before a sovereign prince, an indecent outrage. But it is clear that Shimei meant more than disrespect and outrage to an afflicted king, whose subject he was: he intended to signify by that action, that David was unfit to live, and that the time was at last arrived to offer him a sacrifice to the ambition and vengeance of the house of Saul. This view of his conduct is confirmed by the behaviour of the Jews to the Apostle Paul, when they seized him in the temple, and had nearly succeeded in putting him to death: they cried out, Away with such a fellow from the earth, for it is not fit that he should live; and as they cried out and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, the chief captain commanded him to be brought into the castle, Act_22:23. A great similarity appears between the conduct of the Jews on this occasion, and the behaviour of the peasants in Persia, when they go to court to complain of the governors, whose oppressions they can no longer endure. They carry their complaints against their governors by companies, consisting of several hundreds, and sometimes of a thousand; they repair to that gate of the palace nearest to which their prince is most likely to be, where they set themselves to make the most horrid cries, tearing their garments, and throwing dust into the air, and demanding justice. The king, upon hearing these cries, sends to know the occasion of them: the people deliver their complaints in writing, upon which he informs them that he will commit the cognizance of the affair to such a one as he names; and in consequence of this, justice is usually obtained.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
dust (עפר, ‛āphār; κονιορτός, koniortós, χοῦς, choús): Small particles of earth. The word has several figurative and symbolic meanings: (1) Dust being the material out of which God is said to have formed man (Gen_2:7), it became a symbol of man's frailty (Psa_103:14, ?For he knoweth our frame; he remembereth that we are dust?; compare Gen_18:27; Job_4:19, etc.), and of his mortality (Gen_3:19, Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return?; compare Job_34:15; Psa_104:29; Ecc_3:20; Ecc_12:7, etc.) Hence, it is used figuratively for the grave (Psa_22:15, Psa_22:29; Psa_30:9; Dan_12:2). (2) Such actions as to lie in the dust, to lick the dust, to sprinkle dust on the head, are symbols expressive of deep humiliation, abasement or lamentation (e.g. Job_2:12; Job_42:6, Psa_72:9; Isa_2:10; Isa_47:1; Isa_49:23; Lam_2:10; Lam_3:29; Eze_27:30; Mic_7:17; Rev_18:19). Hence, such expressions as ?He raiseth up the poor out of the dust,? i.e. out of their state of lowliness (1Sa_2:8; Psa_113:7). (3) Throwing dust was an act expressive of execration. Thus, Shimei ?cursed? David and ?threw stones at him, and cast dust,? literally, ?dusted (him) with dust? (2Sa_16:13). So the crowd which Paul addressed at Jerusalem manifested their wrath against him by tossing about their garments and casting dust into the air (Act_22:23). (4) Shaking the dust off one's feet against anyone (Mat_10:14; Mar_6:11; Luk_9:5; Luk_10:11; Act_13:51) is symbolic of renunciation, as we would say ?washing one's hands of him,? an intimation that all further intercourse was at an end. It was practiced by the Pharisees on passing from Gentile to Jewish soil, it being a rabbinical doctrine that the dust of a heathen land defiles. (5) It is also used figuratively for an innumerable multitude (e.g. Gen_13:16; Gen_28:14; Job_27:16; Psa_78:27). (6) The expression ?Yahweh will make the rain of thy land powder and dust? (Deu_28:24) means the dust in consequence of the drought shall fall down instead of rain on the dry ground. In Judea and vicinity during a sirocco, the air becomes filled with sand and dust, which are blown down by the wind with great violence.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
For storms of dust, etc., see Climate and Seasons of Palestine; for throwing dust on the head, see Mourning.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Gen_18:27 (a) This is an expression to describe the utter humiliation and feeling of insignificance which filled Abraham's heart in the presence of GOD.
Num_23:10 (a) This figure is used to represent Israel numerically, as well as Israel which was to be scattered throughout the whole world, as dust is scattered. As dust is found everywhere on the land areas, so Israel may be found in every country. (See also Gen_13:16; Gen_28:14; 2Ch_1:9).
Job_4:19 (a) This represents the frailty of the man whose only hope is in this life. He is on his way to the grave where his body will return to dust, and he cares not that there is another life beyond the tomb. (See also Job_16:15).
Job_42:6 (b) The word is used here to express Job's feeling of weakness and inferiority when he saw the Lord in His glory.
Psa_7:5 (a) The word is used here to describe the humiliation and shame that David would endure if it could be proved that he had lived a life of disobedience to GOD.
Isa_2:10 (a) This represents the humble place we should take in the presence of the Lord, for dust is often used as a type of humiliation.
Isa_26:19 (a) This probably refers to those who are the righteous dead, as they come out in resurrection to sing and worship GOD.
Isa_29:5 (a) The Lord uses this figure to describe the thorough whipping and punishment which He will administer to the enemies of Israel.
Isa_47:1 (a) This is a prophecy that proud Babylon would be reduced to poverty, humiliation and destruction.
Nah_1:3 (b) Here we see the clouds compared to the dust of the road on which our Lord walks. Clouds which to us represent power, wind, rain, storms are only as dust under GOD's feet. Clouds of dust upon the country road indicate the approach of a visitor. So clouds that may arise in our lives may indicate the proximity of our Lord on His way to deliver us.
Lam_3:29 (a) This is a picture of the voluntary humiliation of a true worshipper as he realizes his own sinful condition and appreciates the kindness and love of GOD.
Mic_1:10 (a) The word "Aphrah" means "dust." The prophet is describing the anguish of spirit that will characterize the people of that city when GOD judges and punishes them. (See Nah_3:18).
Mat_10:14 (a) This figure illustrates that the disciples were to completely eliminate all association with the enemies of GOD when they left the city in which they were not welcome. (See also Mar_6:11; Luk_9:5).
Act_13:51 (b) This portrays an act of utter contempt and complete rejection of the people of Antioch.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Dust
(usually עָפָר, aphar', but אָבָק, abak, pulverulence, in Exo_9:9; Isa_5:24; Isa_29:5; Eze_26:10; Nah_1:3; "powder," Deuteronomy 38:24; and שִׁחִק, shach'ak, or impalpable dust, Isa_40:15; דָּקִק, dakak', to triturate, 2Ch_34:4; Gr. κονιορτός; but χόος, dirt, in Mar_6:11; Rev_18:19). In the immediate vicinity of Judaea there are vast plains or deserts of fine sand, which, when agitated by a violent wind, makes most terrific and desolating storms. Eastern travelers describe them particularly, and think them more dreadful than storms at sea. This affords us a striking illustration of the nature and horrors of the plague, mentioned in Exo_8:16-17, when, the extremely fine and penetrating dust of the land of Egypt was converted into gnats. Among the various fearful punishments denounced in the event of their forsaking Jehovah, the Hebrews are threatened that the rain of their land shall become "powder and dust" (Deu_28:24). SEE STORM.
Among the Hebrews, to cast dust or ashes upon the head was a sign of mourning (Jos_7:6), and sitting in the dust was a sign of extreme affliction (Isa_47:1; Lam_3:29). SEE GRIEF. The term "dust" is often used figuratively, sometimes to denote the grave (Job_7:21) or death itself (Gen_3:19; Psa_22:15), sometimes to express a numerous people (Num_23:10), and sometimes a low or mean condition (1Sa_2:8; Nah_3:18). See Wemyss, Symbol. Dict. s.v. To shake or wipe off the dust of a place from one's feet marks the renouncing of all intercourse with it in future (Mat_10:14; Act_13:51). To "lick the dust" signifies the most abject submission (Psa_72:9). In almost every part of Asia those who demand justice against a criminal throw dust upon him. Thus Shimei cast dust at David (2Sa_16:13), signifying by that action that David ought to be put to death. This view is confirmed by the conduct of the Jews to Paul; when they seized him in the Temple they cried out, "Away with such a fellow from the earth, for it is not fit that he should live; and as they cried out, and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, the chief captain commanded him to be brought into the castle" (Act_22:23). SEE ASHES.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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